Effects of Snake Venom and Antivenom on the Immune Response: A Literature Review

Ayu Indriani Putri; Ari Sri Windyaswari; Suci Nar Vikasari

doi:10.55927/fjst.v5i6.94

Authors

Ayu Indriani Putri Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Jawa Barat
Ari Sri Windyaswari Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Jawa Barat
Suci Nar Vikasari Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Jawa Barat

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v5i6.94

Keywords:

Venomous Snake Bites, Envenomation, Immune Reactions, Antivenom, And Inflammation.

Abstract

In tropical countries, including, Indonesia, venomous snake bites remain a significant public health problem. Through the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, the complement system, and oxidative stress, envenomation can cause tissue damage and systemic complications. Antivenom is the primary method for neutralizing toxins, but its heterologous immunoglobulin content can trigger immune reactions. This study examines how snake venom and antivenom affect the immune system. A total of 19 articles from a literature review published between 2020 and 2026 were evaluated using narrative synthesis. Data were collected from SINTA-indexed national journals, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The results show that snake venom can cause local and systemic inflammation, while antivenom can cause hypersensitivity and even serum sickness. To improve the safety and effectiveness of therapy, antivenom remains the primary choice. However, monitoring for immunological risks is necessary

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