Implementation of a Category II Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS) Based on Aviation Safety and the Principles of Tri Hita Karana at I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport, Bali

I Wayan Dikse Pancane

doi:10.55927/fjst.v5i6.67

Authors

I Wayan Dikse Pancane Universitas Pendidikan Nasional

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v5i6.67

Keywords:

PALS CAT II, Tri Hita Karana, Aviation Safety, Airfield Lighting System, Sustainable Airport.

Abstract

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali is an international airport with high air traffic volume and complex runway approach characteristics due to its coastal geography. This study aims to design a Category II Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS) for Runway 27 to enhance flight safety during low-visibility conditions. The research methodology employs a field observation approach, analysis of lighting configurations based on ICAO Annex 14, evaluation of obstacle limitation surfaces (OLS), and the integration of the Tri Hita Karana concept as an environmental and cultural safety approach rooted in Balinese traditions. The results indicate that a 900-meter-long PALS CAT II configuration with a sequenced flashing light system effectively enhances visual guidance for pilots during the final approach phase. The integration of the Tri Hita Karana concept supports harmony between aviation safety, coastal environmental sustainability, and local Balinese cultural values. This research offers a novel approach by combining technical aviation lighting system methodologies with culture- and environment-based safety concepts. The implementation of this system is expected to support low-visibility operations and elevate international aviation safety standards at I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali

References

Arimbawa, I. W., & Sudiarta, I. K. (2022). Tri Hita Karana concept implementation in sustainable infrastructure development in Bali. International Journal of Sustainability and Environment, 10(2), 55–63.

Braga, M., Ferreira, P., & Costa, A. (2020). Airport lighting systems and operational safety compliance analysis. International Journal of Aviation Systems, 9(4), 122–131.

Camarillo-Escobedo, R. M., & ... (2021). Remote sensing system to monitoring of quality air using unmanned aerial vehicles and LoRa communication. Infrared Remote …. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595060.short

Chang, X., Yang, W., & Wang, X. (2025). Intelligent detection method of multi-fault airport navigational lamps based on two-way automatic communication. Digital Transportation and Safety, 4(2), 141–147.

Deviatkina, S., Molchanova, K., Yaremich, T., & Siryi, D. (2024). Advanced power supply system of approach lights at civil aviation aerodromes. SWorldJournal, 1(26–01), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.30888/2663-5712.2024-26-00-031

González-Arribas, D., Fernández, R., & Pérez, M. (2020). Visual guidance optimization for precision approach lighting systems in low visibility conditions. Journal of Air Transport Engineering, 12(2), 88–97.

Huo, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence applications in airport lighting system management. International Journal of Aviation Technology, Engineering and Management, 8(3), 45–58.

Im, S., Lee, H., & Kim, J. (2023). Digital monitoring systems for smart airport infrastructure management. Sensors, 23(7), 3568.

Liu, H., Wang, P., & Chen, Y. (2022). Sequenced flashing light performance analysis for runway visual acquisition enhancement. Aviation Safety Technology Journal, 14(1), 33–41.

Nurzaman, A. M. (2025). Design and analysis of the airfield lighting system (ALS) precision approach lighting system (PALS) on runway 14 Kertajati International Airport Majalengka. Journal of Emerging Innovations in Engineering, 1(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.65664/jeie.v1i02.12

Organization, I. C. A. (2020). Aerodrome Design Manual Part 4 Visual Aids. ICAO.

Organization, I. C. A. (2021). Manual of All Weather Operations (Doc 9365). ICAO.

Organization, I. C. A. (2022). Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aerodromes Volume I: Aerodrome Design and Operations. ICAO.

Putra, I. G. D. A., Kartika, R. B. B., & Suprihartini, Y. (2021). Real-time monitoring system for runway threshold identification light using IoT technology. Journal of Airport Technology and Engineering, 5(3), 66–74.

Rodríguez-Sanz, J., Molina, F., & Ruiz, P. (2021). Systemic risk analysis of airport visual aid infrastructure under low visibility operations. Safety Science, 141, 105321.

Tan, J. H., & Masood, T. (2021). Adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in airports: A systematic literature review. Journal of Air Transport Management.

Tchivwila, M. B., Rakas, J., Hendrickson, T. P., & Nikolić, M. (2025). A model for selecting the best sustainable airport technology alternatives. Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ae14a6

Zhang, D. Z., López, D. G., Sánchez, J. A. L., Xia, C., Wang, X., & Fernández, A. G. (2025). Local air quality and noise assessment for landing and take-off operations in future airport environment. Engineering Proceedings, 90(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090074